The Corruption Of The Pharmaceutical Industry - 2193 Words

World Author Project Rough Draft Arthur Hailey’s novels prove to be a success to this day, and his works develop and virtually perfect a highly efficient and profitable process of novel writing. Whether writing about the corruption of the pharmaceutical industry (Strong Medicine), or the airline industry (Airport), Arthur Hailey follows each novel along with the same formula, creating a duality between his novels. Hailey’s novels fall under the ‘sociological fiction’ genre, implying his understanding of soft science-fiction and bitter reality creating the prefaces of his novels. Hailey intertwines a mixture of the real and fictitious aspects of reality, and this remains evident through his setting and characters in the novels. His novels introduce a new brand of writing: created through the development of the post-war novel and his novels politically reflect the reforms his novels revolve around. After rigorous and thorough research for years on the backgro und of his novels, Hailey begins to write, incorporating the influences of worldly affairs in his novels. Hailey, being born on April 5, 1920 at the end of the first World War and the beginning auras surrounding the ‘Roaring Twenties’, writes his novels surrounding many world views and affairs. Hailey’s novels reflect the times of the world, and his novels indefinitely do not shy Singh 2 away from giving excess information, evident through his 500 page novels in the span of his career. Hailey is a writer of realism, andShow MoreRelatedBig Pharm The Corruption Of The Pharmaceutical Industry2292 Words   |  10 Pages Big Pharma On september 2nd 2011, a Twenty-four year old man from cincinnati named Kyle Willis ´ fell victim to the corruption of the pharmaceutical industry(Gann, Carrie). Willis had a severe toothache on his wisdom tooth that resulted in its extraction. After the surgery, Willis ´s face started to swell and was sent to the emergency room. He was prescribed antibiotic medications and also painkillers in order to follow standard recovery procedure. Kyle Willis’ could not afford both drugs so heRead MoreCorruption of the Pharmaceutical Industry in America Essay2936 Words   |  12 Pagesto think. Pharmaceutical companies are particularly ruthless, many of them spending millions of dollars per year to convince doctors to prescribe their drugs and to convince consumers that their specific brand of drug is needed in order to cure their ailments. For instance, they may present symptoms that are perfectly harmless, and lead potential citizens to believe that, because of these symptoms, th ey are sick and in need of medication. In some instances, the pharmaceutical industry in the UnitedRead MoreThe Pharmaceutical Industry Is Under Enormous Pressure By External And Internal Stakeholders985 Words   |  4 PagesThe pharmaceutical industry has been getting involved with corruption lately. The industry is getting involved with corruption because of how easy it is to make money. The industry around the country is very corrupted right now as we speak. â€Å"The pharmaceutical industry is under immense pressure by external and internal stakeholders† (Valverde,2013). Most companies around the country are getting sued and having to go to court. They are getting sued because of the unsatisfied customers. Many of themRead MorePharmaceutical Corruption : Drugs At The Innocent Age Of Two1545 Words   |  7 PagesPharmaceutical Corruption Children being prescribed drugs at the innocent age of two, over three quarters of adults in America on a prescription drug, highly addictive drugs being abused by the elderly, the list goes on. An Injustice that nearly everybody will experience in their lives involves pharmaceutical corruption. Most everybody in the world is faced with some sort of medication. Pharmaceutical corruption has overpowered the world with it army of doctors. The pharmaceutical industry does notRead MorePharmaceutical Industry: Governance-Association Standards Two sided coin aspects of Governance in600 Words   |  3 PagesPharmaceutical Industry: Governance-Association Standards Two sided coin aspects of Governance in the Public Pharmaceutical Sector Pharmaceutical products are the key element of health systems that helps the community. Despite pharmaceutical being a huge multi-billion dollar industry. This element of governance describes the negative and positive sides of the pharmaceutical industrial parameters. Good governance is one of the factors for economic growth and sustainable development at almost allRead MoreEffects Of Mental Disorders974 Words   |  4 Pagesdoubted the current diagnosis of mental disorder and pointed out the existence of over diagnosis (James et al., 2014). They hold the view that the psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical industry should be blame for the current ‘epidemic’ of mental disorder. Many researches and organizations are dependent on the pharmaceutical industry, which may distort the scientific truth, influence researches, and psychiatrists attitudes, thus leading to ‘epidemic’ of mental disorder, including over diagnosing andRead MorePharmaceutical Industry Legality Essay705 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Specify the types of country risks that pharmaceutical firms face in international business. How do the political and legal systems of countries affect the  global pharmaceutical industry? The different types of country risks for the pharmaceutical firms are: 1. Pricing: Many Asian and African countries are poor and cannot afford the costly medicines. The Pharmaceutical firms spend vast amounts on RD in creating and marketing drugs, thus charging high prices enables for costRead MoreEssay Gabriela Valdes 1 Chapter Question1036 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 3 1. What is the relationship among property right, corruption, and economic progress? How important are anticorruption efforts in the efforts to improve a country’s level of economic development? Corruption can reduce growth but also how it can increase growth, for example, by avoiding bureaucratic delays. The results of cross-country empirical literature on the effect of corruption on growth are mixed. Since corruption is an incendiary topic that elicits much anger, it is also importantRead MoreThe Constant Gardener, The 2005 Intellectual Thriller Directed By Fernando Meirelles1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Constant Gardener, the 2005 intellectual thriller directed by Fernando Meirelles, describes the amount of power given to pharmaceutical companies, and strongly illustrates how important it is for public health officials to regulate and monitor drug companies that are actively involved in the health care industry. In this film, we see the British and Swedish pharmaceutical corporations exploit the health conditions of Africans living in Kenya, and use them to test a new anti-tuberculosis drug. TheRead MoreIndia s Economic And Political Structure Essay1117 Words   |  5 Pagesforeign aid and investment. Like the US, it has divided powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The current Prime Minister is Narendra Modi, who leads the Bharatiya Janata Party. India’s economy is made up of agriculture, industries, and services and is the second-largest workforce in the world. Growth slowed in 2011 due to high interest-rates and inflation, but has continued to move forward in other ways. The United States is a representative democracy whose market economy

The Biggest Myth About Essay Topics for Writing Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Essay Topics for Writing Exposed Things You Won't Like About Essay Topics for Writing and Things You Will Based on whatever level you're at, you are going to be able to choose an Essay help website to benefit you. It's also wise to realise that IELTS is a worldwide exam and once the writers of the exam are making the questions, their primary concern is writing questions which can be understood by nearly everybody in the world. You will find that a lot of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. At the close of the day, the essay topics you select can make a massive effect on your final grade. Essay Topics for Writing Ideas The essay requires a position on the problem and could provide an extensive context for discussion. It takes a position on the issue but does not offer a context for discussion. It takes a position on the issue and may offer a critical context for discussion. It takes a position on the issue and may offer some context for discussion. Thus, you can ask all the essential questions and consult on some points. The solution is in fact very simple than you believe. To find complete advantage, you should turn out to be very acquainted with the subject of authentic essay questions. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. The Argument About Essay Topics for Writing As you compose the essay, make sure that you've got an introduction that captures the interest of a reader. The introduction is the backbone of an essay since it contains all of the information that a reader would like to read. There are two major means by which you can use the most frequent IELTS essay topics to your benefit. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. Focus on the particular issue in the prompt is maintained throughout the majority of the essay. Lies You've Been Told About Essay Topics for Writing Writing about yourself can be a fantastic place to begin. Writing practice shouldn't be boring! Writing college essay may be the most challenging portion of the entire procedure of application for a college. Writing an essay with Essay help can be a trying endeavor. The Tried and True Method for Essay Topics for Writing in Step by Step Detail Evaluating creative writing topics is among the procedures that ensure you compose a fantastic paper. As soon as you have determined the purpose, you'll need to do a little research on topics which you find intriguing. Picking a topic is a vital issue that partly estimates final success of the job. There are many topi cs to pick from in the area of business. To receive a better grip at writing, essay writing is a powerful exercise which then provides the ability to write on nearly every subject of your interest. The introductory paragraph ought to be attractive and it ought to be written in a catchy method. If your essay is describing a process, like how to make a huge chocolate cake, make sure your paragraphs fall in the proper purchase. Informational or explanatory essays will request that you earn sense of a specific source or idea. Essay Topics for Writing Secrets That No One Else Knows About You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in lots of ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. Moreover, you can begin your essay by providing two lines poetry or rhymes that is associated with the subject of friendship. Many argue that vocabulary isn't important but a very good vocabulary can help you in expressing precisely the significanc e of the speech or thoughts. When you're writing, attempt to prevent employing the very same words and phrases over and over again.

Advertisement Essay Introduction Example For Students

Advertisement Essay Introduction Most advertisers use different appeals to create stereotypes about their audiencesbecause people often buy magazines which fit the stereotypes they make about themselves. Forexample, people who always read Newsweek are mostly people who are at work, who areeconomically stable, and who are interested in the world situation. On the other hand, theaudiences of Shape are mostly young women who are interested in reducing their weights orshaping up. In Jib Fowles essay, Advertisings Fifteen Basic Appeals, he discusses thefifteen emotional appeals that are often seen in many advertisements. To corroborate hispostulations of advertisement, I focused on a specific magazine, Cosmopolitan, and checked ifI could determine the stereotypes the advertisers make about audiences by applying appeals heAfter analyzing ten ads from Cosmopolitan, I realized that there were two commonappeals in most of the ten ads: sexual, and autonomy. First, lets look at the three ads aboutdifferent perfumes, Splendor, Dazzling, and True Love. Both the ads of Splendor andDazzling have women clad in strap dresses and held by men. The photo of Dazzlingshows a woman in black party dress, dancing with a man in tuxedo. Next to her dazzling smileis the word, Dazzling, and the two perfume bottles. In the ad of Splendor, a young,attractive, blond woman with her left arm around a mans neck is about to kiss him. Its copyreads A fragrance Sensation, A Sparkling Love Story, and Wonderfully Romantic. Theseads surely involve sexual appeals because it is obvious that the advertisers are trying to makethe women look as feminine as possible by having them expose their skin and embrace theirmen. Also, the copies of Splendor fetch audiences attention by appealing to their longing for romance and affections. The ad of True Love also appeals to sexuality by showing awoman with a drowsy expression in a lying down position. The second appeal I found is the need for autonomy, the need to credit the self. Thethree ads about womens suits, glassware, and make-up are great examples. An ad ofwomens suit has five women in five different gray suits who look competent. The catch phrasesays, Letem know who you are. The other ad of glassware shows a beautiful white womanin a white blouse with glasses. She has her blond hair put up, and she is reading a paper. Thecopy on the upper left corner reads, Endless Possibilities. The third ad of Maybellinesfoundation cake also has a white woman wearing white blouse with her hair up. All of thesethree ads have women who look aspired, intellectual, and independent. These ads strikewomens strong need to become the way they want, and to endorse themselves. These appeals are effective in persuading women to buy the products by giving womenillusions that they will look sexy or independent just like the women in the ads if they buyBy finding the appeals advertisers use, one can tell how the advertisers view theaudiences. Women usually buy perfume to add to their charm and confidence. Especially,women who are physically matured are easily attracted to sexual appeals as advertisers intendbecause such women consciously fear the fading of their sexual glamour as they age. Also,women at work or women who want to work strongly seek independence because women areusually oppressed by the society, for the stereotypes about women that they are incapable havenot completely been removed. To overthrow such false assumptions about women, many wishto prove to themselves and to the society that she is aspired, and she has abilities to deal withthings. .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f , .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .postImageUrl , .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f , .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f:hover , .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f:visited , .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f:active { border:0!important; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f:active , .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8bb366a9e75fe4b5742fa29adc3492f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charles Dickens Coursework Essay With such womens tendencies in mind, the advertisers of the magazine, Cosmopolitan,are stereotyping about their audiences that they are young women of age twentys to earlyfortys who are living in cities, who are interested in relationships with men, and who areseeking to be looked as independent women.Bibliography:

The Mobile Phone Essay Example For Students

The Mobile Phone Essay Since the beginning of time, man has been inventing things; demand for technology is sky high and what the public wants, the public gets. Nothing, however, can compare with the sudden boost of the 21st centurys best invention yet, the mobile phone. Communication has taken on a new meaning, and currently you cannot take a stroll down a typical street in Europeand not see one. Mobile Phones have taken the world by a storm and their rising popularity has impacted the planet tremendously ( http://www.coursework.info). According to the U.N, 400 million mobile phones are in use globally, and 250,000 more are added to the list each day (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/470027.stm). How could one tiny communication source make such a difference? Why are these technical handsets so significant that they are owned by millions and millions around the world? We will write a custom essay on The Mobile Phone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Years and years ago, communication over short distances was accomplished with the help of tribal drums and smoke. Over time, civilization must have gotten tired of all those long hazy conversations, and a horse and carriage system was born to deliver messages here and there. History came a long, long way, but eventually, communication through wires was introduced. For this we can give credit to Claude Chappe who invented the telegraph in 1792, and then Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, the first man to develop the communication of voices through wires. Communication History took its turning point, when in 1894 in Italy; a hopeful scientist Gulielmo Marconi created an invention called Wireless. This was where he tapped out a message in Morse code, and a bell rung on the other side of the room. From then on, scientists began to further investigate in this concept. Soon enough in 1935, an American scientist invented the first FM radio. This was all scientists needed to spring into action. Eleven years later, people were already beginning to communicate in moving vehicles and 37 years after that, the first call on the first Cellular Phone of the history was made in the year 1983. The word Cell in Cell Phone was created because in order for the system to work, cities would need to have been divided into cells, thus increasing the amount of frequency waves in the air so numerous people would be able to speak on the phone at the same time. This concept was first discovered and developed by Motorola, the first Mobile Phone Company in history. The success of the industry is displayed by the chief of the statistical compendia branch of the Commerce Dept., who states that the cell phone industry has shown remarkable growth over the decade, its doubled over the last three years alone. It is clear that cell phones are here to stay. From the simple plain model to the high-tech, picture-taking, video-recording, internet models, it is almost impossible not to have one in a demanding lifestyle. A couple years ago on my visit to England, I was literally shocked to find two girls my age that had cell phones; needless to say, in a matter of two, three years I happened to own one myself, including almost everyone I was surrounded by! The original purpose of mobile phones is obviously being diminished. They are now weaving themselves into the fabric of society, becoming fashion statements and now necessities rather than luxuries. Because of the colored fascias, aerials, covers, logos and ring-tones used today to accessorize the cell phone; its no big surprise that children at the age of 8 are demanding the new Ericsson PF768 from Santa, or that Nokia 8810 for their coming birthday. To validate this conjecture, recently, the internationally famous childrens animation corporation Walt Disney had released a new line of Mobile fascias in the market. These were criticized due to encouraging young children to such conceptions, especially when there were so many complications involved. These days, like the car you drive, the apparel you wear, and the size of your office, mobile phones are symbols of power and importance. A mobile, up on the pretentious social scale, alerts people that you are busy, 3310 3330 Personality Facias Groovy chick, drama queen, shopoholicdo these describe anyone you know? have personality, and a decent job. For many teenagers, a mobile phone symbolizes freedom. This is the purpose for which great deals of adolescents (ages 13-18) have mobile phones. Parents are much more comfortable with liberating their kids knowing that they will be able to contact them anywhere, anytime. The mobile phone is said to be included in each individual teens personality kit. In fact, it is almost like teens with mobiles are developing their own culture, from their own abbreviated SMS language, to the way your type of phone implies your social status. It is interesting, as teenagers seem to have enough of partition from adults without mobiles! .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 , .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .postImageUrl , .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 , .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3:hover , .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3:visited , .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3:active { border:0!important; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3:active , .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3 .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u85a73e51ad7f37f267798057c949f2b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Importance Of Communication EssayIt is said that all over the world, within about 10 years mobile phones are predicted to outnumber traditional landlines. In many countries, inclusive of both rich and poor, already have this situation proceeding. Even Africa, the poorest continent in the world is in on the game. In Rwanda, cellular phones occupy over 58% of the market, while in Cambodia, the figures are even higher! The cell phone corporations boast up to 72% of all subscriptions. Both Rwanda and Cambodia did not have such extensive fixed lines in the first place, so it wasnt too costly and was not a matter of refurbishing either. Cambodia, facing war has its own personal reasons as well. Apparently it is much easier and safer to arrange and set up cellular antennas across the terrain swamped with land-mines. In other developing countries that face natural disasters and such, Mobile phones are definitely practical. For example, Mozambique suffered intense and sudden flooding in the year 2000. In order to find rescue aids and temporary security, they had to call relief urgently for the citizens that were made homeless. For the people of Gujarat, San Francisco, and El Salvador that undergo earthquakes, cell phones are needed desperately as well. Mobile phones do not only do that, but they encourage a step towards the improvement of the economy in Developing countries. It is possible that things may finally begin to take its toll in these countries. Earlier this year I was hiking in the Ngorongoro, breathing in the sweet swell of nature and trying to feel in tune with the Maasai way of roughing it. I was flabbergasted to find that when we were at the top of a mountain, the three Masaais that were guiding us whipped out their cell phones to see if they had any reception! This proves that the Mobile phone concept as being a necessity has even touched the lives of Maasai in the wilderness. In EMDCs (Economically More Developed Countries), cellular phones, along with the Internet, are becoming the nations prime communication sources. The business world revolves around these techniques to obtain what they want, when they want. Mobile phones are a large part of the market as well; companys such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, Siemens, etc have created several jobs for people. Because Developed countries do have the money, their willingness to spend on luxurious conveniences such as this is not too surprising. In Addition to all the accessories and such, of course! Admittedly, Mobile Phones are an extremely costly necessity. If it werent, the vogue would be spreading around the world at a much quicker rate than it already is. Setting up the cellular systems in ELDCs (Economically Less Developed Countries) is pricey enough, and then the added cost of antennas and the constant upkeep. This would not be a Developing countrys primary concern when half of its countrys people are possibly starving. Buying a mobile phone is also expensive. In addition, buying credit or having prepaid programs are highly costly as well. Citizens in these countries, particularly the more rurally living ones, would not be too eager to try a new gadget either. If, of course getting reception in these parts were possible. This is a disadvantage of cell phones; there may not always be signal where you want it. An aspect to think about in such countries would be culture. Certain African culture may not be as accepting as a person who has been living in New York all their life. This particular mentality may be due to specific ideology that believes in standing by natural resources and acquiring what God gave us. A rising problem occurring because of mobile phones is an increase in crime. Recent figures have shown stolen mobiles make up for about 50% of the robberies all over London. There were 700,000 mobiles stolen last year according to police records. The reason cell phones are so sought after by thieves is that they are easily sold in the black market for a good sum of cash. This, of course is in developed countries, so can you imagine how it must be in developing countries? Another disadvantage of mobile phones is the number of driving accidents. New research indicates that driving while on the mobile increases the risk of an accident. In Britain, at least 12 road deaths have been linked to cell phones. The reckless driving of uneducated and amateur drivers in ELDCs must cause worse results in this aspect. .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 , .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .postImageUrl , .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 , .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440:hover , .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440:visited , .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440:active { border:0!important; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440:active , .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440 .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua890d57f218e8d4e422b92fc4e4f4440:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diary of anne frank EssayMedical Hazards of Mobile Phones One of the most recent and hazardous discoveries that scientists have made about the cellular phone use is that it is potentially dangerous to the human being. Complaints have been made for unexplained headaches, ear and eye sight problems, feelings of nausea or dizziness, a tingling sensation on the skin and a numbness or redness to the face and neck (http://autoworx.freeyellow.com/report.html). People complained mainly of a burning dull feeling on the side of the head where they have been using their mobile phone. Apparently it tends to last several minutes after they made their call and may last for hours. Along with these indications, they may get feelings of nausea, instability in their vision and sometimes other symptoms. Scientists say that mobile phones may be linked to memory loss and even cancer due to the microwaves emitted. Although there are many theories towards this, there is no evidence. Some scientists claim that with one thousandth of a microwave oven, your brain cannot be cooked so there is a large chance these notions could be false. Scientists have also done animal studies that have brought up argument against the possibility of cancer. However, this is a fairly contemporary discovery, and until we can prove anything, we should not jump to conclusions. The Cellular Phone is now so intertwined into Society, that if it were obliterated, it would result in an immense crash. People would not know how to adapt their lifestyle into having no cell phones. In fact, the way society works has even evolved because of this tiny device. It is quite nerve-wrecking to think that so much of the world depends on this technical gadget. Even though there are so many disadvantages to having cell phones in this world, there are clearly many more benefits. Cancer is something that we may need to think and worry about in the future. However, the way humanity in general has been taught is to take things as they come; and thats most likely what theyll do. First it was the internet. Now its mobile phonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What next? What will be the next discovery to revolutionize society? Bibliography  · http://www.coursework.info/e/page.cgi?page=view;link=29611;d=1;U=nkanabar;s=f419868b613b0e7e4145801bfa3f415b  · http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/470027.stm  · http://www.coursework.info/e/page.cgi?page=view;link=818;d=1;U=nkanabar;s=f419868b613b0e7e4145801bfa3f415b  · http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/YTK/julkaisu/mobile.html  · http://www.telenor.no/fou/program/nomadiske/articles/05.pdf  · http://socio.ch/mobile/index_mobile.htm  · http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~kfoster/COST259.htm  · http://autoworx.freeyellow.com/report.html

Robert Owen essays

Robert Owen essays Robert Owen was the sixth child to his parents and was born in Newtown (Mid Wales) in 1771. As a child he showed exceptional intelligence and was unusually studious for a boy of his age. He was a voracious reader and spent a lot of time reading philosophical texts and biographies of famous men. He joined as an apprentice in a draping company even when he was just 10 years old. This early exposure helped him start his own cotton business and in a few years he became the manager and finally a partner of Chorlton Twist Company', one of the biggest cotton mills in London. Soon his company bought the New Landmark mills' and he became an accomplished businessman. Robert Owen was a great social reformer who spent all his wealth and devoted his entire life towards the betterment of the society. Robert Owen was a philanthropist who was not simply contended with his business interests but also very concerned about improving the living standards of his workers. In spite of the growing discontent of his partners Robert spent considerable amount of money towards building houses for them and improving their living conditions. He was also seriously concerned about improving the moral standards of the employees and implemented a system of supervising their behavior, which bore good results. Robert very much believed that environment and education had a great impact on shaping the character of men and hence showed great interest in providing a healthy ambience for children to grow up. To this effect he spent a lot of money and opened the famous Institute for the Formation of Character", a place of education for the children of the deprived class as well as being a learning center for the elderly workers. He pioneered socialism without being totally averse to capitalism. One ...

The Scarlet Letter Themes and Symbols

The Scarlet Letter Themes and Symbols The Scarlet Letter, Nathanial Hawthorne’s 1850 novel of a 17th century adulterous affair in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, centers on several themes that would have been very meaningful to the highly religious, pre-industrial community in which it is set: the nature of shame and judgment; the differences between our public and private lives; and the conflict between scientific and religious beliefs. Additionally, several important symbols pop up throughout the novel to highlight these themes, including the scarlet letter, the scaffold, and Pearl. Through the use of these themes and symbols, Hawthorne constructs a world of Puritanical guilt and redemption in the earliest days of America’s history. Shame and Judgment The novel’s most central theme is that of shame and judgment- it is the focal point of the story’s first scene, when Hester Prynne is publicly ridiculed on the scaffold in the town square, and it permeates nearly every part of the book from there on. Prynne is forced to wear the eponymous token over her clothes for the rest of her days in the colony, which is itself a judgment she must endure, as well as an ever-present symbol of her shame and lowly position in the community. As such, wherever she goes she is quickly identified as the person who committed adultery, an act for which the townspeople pass judgment on her, causing her, in turn, to feel some degree of shame. This comes to a head when the townspeople try to take Pearl away from Prynne, an act that mostly stems from their misguided assumptions and views of the mother and daughter. Over time, both the town’s estimation of  Prynne and her own feelings of guilt begin to dissipate, but for many years these feelings are quite strong for each party and serve as a central, motivating force within the story. Public vs. Private The flip side of this form of judgment and shame is experienced by Dimmesdale who, though he has committed the same crime as Prynne, deals with this fact very differently. Dimmesdale must keep his guilt to himself, a state of affairs that drives him mad and eventually to death. Dimmesdales position provides an interesting insight into the nature of judgement and shame when felt privately, not publicly. For one thing, he receives no negative judgment from the others in the colony, as they don’t even know of his involvement in the affair, so he only continues to receive their adulation. Additionally, he has no outlet for his shame, as he must keep it hidden, so it eats away at him over the course of several years. This is not to say that this is worse than Prynnes fate, but the differing situation creates an alternative result; whereas Prynne eventually works her way back, somewhat, into the town’s good graces, Dimmesdale must hide his own shame and literally cannot live with it, as he reveals it and then promptly dies. Through the different ways in which these two are made to endure judgment as well as feel shame, Hawthorne presents a compelling look into the nature of human guilt, as both a public and private phenomenon. Scientific vs. Religious Beliefs Through the relationship between Dimmesdale and Chillingworth, Hawthorne explores the differences between scientific and religious modes of thought and understanding. Given that this novel is set in a 17th century Puritan colony, the characters are deeply religious, and have little understanding of scientific processes. Most of their understanding of the world, in fact, comes from a place of religious belief. For example, when Dimmesdale- who, admittedly, is a priest- looks to the night sky, he takes what he sees as a sign from God. Dimmesdale filtering his perceptions through the lens of his profession is largely the point, though, as he and Chillingworth are used to represent these opposing views. Chillingworth is a new addition to the town, and, as he is a physician, represents the encroaching of science into the religious New World colonies. Additionally, he is often described as representing darkness or evil, or just the devil outright, indicating that his mode of thought is at odds with the others’ in the community, as well as antithetical to God’s order. Interestingly, the two men get along at first, but ultimately grow apart when Chillingworth begins to probe Dimmesdale’s psychological state, suggesting that science and religion are incompatible in analyzing one’s mental anguish. One area in which they do align, however, is over Prynne, as each man attempts at one point to win her love. In the end, though, she rejects both of them, showing that an independently minded woman has no need for either. Symbols The Scarlet Letter Given the book’s title, this object is unsurprisingly a very important symbol throughout the story. Even before the main narrative begins, the reader catches a glimpse of the letter, as the anonymous narrator of â€Å"The Custom House† describes it briefly in the book’s opening section. From there, it appears pretty much right away, and comes to be the story’s most prominent symbol. Interestingly, though the letter represents Prynne’s guilt to the other characters in the book, it has a somewhat different meaning to the reader. It symbolizes not just Prynne’s actions, which, of course, it does symbolize, but it also embodies the town’s viewing of her actions as wrong, and as a punishment forced upon her by her community. As such, it says more about the wearer’s environment, than it does about the wearer herself. It shows that this group is willing to make a very public example of people whom it believes to have transgressed. Notably also, Dimmesdale burns a symbol of some sort- which some claim is an â€Å"A†- onto his chest as a sort of atonement for his role in the affair. This highlights the public vs. private theme in the novel, as the two bear the burden of guilt very differently. The Scaffold The scaffold, which appears in the first scene, serves to divide the story into beginning, middle, and end. It first appears in the opening scene, when Prynne is forced to stand on it for several hours and endure harassment from the community. In this moment, it symbolizes a very public form of punishment, and, as this is the beginning of the book, establishes that tone going forward. Later, the scaffold shows up again when Dimmesdale goes out walking one night and ends up there, whereupon he runs into Prynne and Pearl. This is a moment of reflection for Dimmesdale, as he ruminates on his misdeeds, changing the book’s focus from public to private shame. The scaffold’s final appearance comes in the book’s climactic scene, when Dimmesdale reveals his role in the affair, and then promptly dies in Prynne’s arms atop the apparatus. At this moment, Prynne literally embraces Dimmesdale, and the town collectively embraces the two of them, acknowledging the minister’s confession, and forgiving them both of their crimes. The scaffold, therefore, comes to represent atonement and acceptance, completing its journey, much like the characters themselves, from punishment through reflection, and, ultimately, to forgiveness. Pearl Though Pearl is very much a distinct character in her own right, she also acts symbolically as the living embodiment of her parents’ infidelity. As a result, whenever Prynne looks at her, she must confront what she has done, almost more so even than when she looks at the scarlet letter. Importantly, though, she represents not just her parents’ infidelity, but also her mother’s independence. This is epitomized by some of the townspeople trying to take Pearl away from Prynne, which forces the mother to argue before the governor for the right to keep her child. Essentially, she must fight to prove the validity of her desires and affections in the face of this highly rigid and patriarchal society. Pearl, therefore, represents the sinfulness and the gracefulness balanced in tandem inside of her mother- that is, she is wild but still worth loving nonetheless.

Why do people term an illness to be physcial or psychological Is there Essay

Why do people term an illness to be physcial or psychological Is there a relationship between public causal attributions of functional somatic syndromes and h - Essay Example Cognitive structures such as illness schemata helps to organize information from internal sensations (symptoms) and disease-related information gathered from the external environment. Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (Leventhal et al. 1984) have proposed the most relevant model of symptom perception within the tradition of information processing. Their Common Sense Models of Illness approach is rooted in cognitive psychology and builds on the work on cognitive schemata and prototypes. In specific, Leventhal et al. propose that individuals tend to construct their own individual representation of symptoms or illness and that this idiosyncratic representation will, in turn, influence their behavior (e.g., help-seeking, adherence and compliance). In specific, they proposed that illness representations (or schemata) are a function of an individual's semantic knowledge about symptoms and disease and specific contextual factors such as the nature of somatic changes and the situations in which these occur. This semantic knowledge accumulates across the life span and is acquired through the media, through personal experience, and from family and friends who have had experience with the disease. Therefore, the perception of cause can have an effect on the behavior towards an illness, because the cognitive dissemination leads to the semantic knowledge of the disease. Understanding how a person views a disease can impact behavior towards the illness. People's common sense models of illness strongly influence which symptoms a person will search for and will ultimately perceive. Work by Meyer and his colleagues (Meyer et al. 1985) on hypertension illustrates this point. Hypertension disease holds one or a combination of disease models about high blood pressure. As Meyer and his colleagues demonstrated, some patients hold the belief that hypertension is a disease of the heart, others believe that it is an arterial disorder and a third group might associate hypertension with emotional upset. Importantly, the kind of belief patients' hold affects the way they monitor their body: Symptoms that are consistent with their specific illness belief are more likely to get noticed. The relationship between a person's cognitive knowledge of the cause is therefore directly related towards the symptoms and evaluation of 'cures' for the illness. This research study will incorporate that foundation of illness cause perception by quantitatively e xamining the differences between illness cause perception amongst participants. In addition to general concepts of illness, people also hold organized conceptions-termed disease prototypes-for particular diseases (Bishop 1991; Bishop and Converse 1986). Prototypes of specific diseases help people organize and evaluate information about bodily sensations that might otherwise not be interpretable. Thus, a person who holds the belief that he or she is vulnerable to heart disease is more likely to interpret chest pain in accord to his or her prototype of heart disease than a person who does not hold this belief (Bishop and Converse 1986). This latter person might instead regard the chest pain as signaling a gall

The Transportation Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Transportation Sustainability - Essay Example In Who Killed the Electric Car?, various factors were identified in the collapse of an idea that once seemed to be a step forward in reaching green technology, while in Fuel, there are many contemplations on what possible troubles could appear in the process of embracing renewable fuel sources (mostly biodiesel) and how such obstacles can be overcome by people, particularly those who choose to be advocates for the environment. After watching the films, the issues and conflicts concerned with resolving the issues on sustainable transportation will become apparent to viewers, and it will be up to them on whether or not they will push themselves to understand further the points taken and not mentioned in these films for them to understand the true meanings of the problems that the filmmakers wanted the public to understand, or at least acknowledge the existence of. First is the documentary about the rise and fall of electric cars in the State of California. This film shows how various p layers in the automobile and petroleum industry caused the demise of an idea that might have been a better option to conserve the environment and introduce the idea of renewable energy sources for many consumers. For about two decades there have been major developments in the creation of successful car engines running on electricity, and these cars had lesser emission of noxious gases due to the lack of an internal combustion engine that most gas-powered vehicles normally rely on (â€Å"Who Killed the Electric Car†). Aside from the fact that the State of California has been having health issues due to having the highest smog rates in the whole nation, there had been higher than normal cases of children having respiratory issues that become chronic conditions as they age, and these were tied up to the excessive pollutants in the air. In trying to overcome these, the state government challenged automobile makers to mitigate this problem, and they replied with the creation of va rious electric vehicles for customers. Initially this initiative shows signs of success however the problems with regards to conflicts of interest emerged when a decade after successfully letting electric vehicles run in the roads the state government was sued not just by automobile makers but also by the federal government (â€Å"Who Killed the Electric Car†). A few years after, electric cars were pulled out from the streets and from the customers by the very same companies that initially sold them, causing frustration at the seemingly backward stance of both the state and federal government in the course of finding sustainable and renewable energy resources. The film would later reveal the factors that were causal in letting go of such a promising kind of technology. Apart from the fact that conflict of interests were observed among policy-makers as most of them were connected to or were formerly connected with

Describe Dispositional and Situational Factors in Explaining Behavior Essay Example for Free

Describe Dispositional and Situational Factors in Explaining Behavior Essay Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior Both situation and dispositional factors play a significant role in people explaining behavior. (in that they guide the judgment on both our actions and people’s actions. ) Attribution theory, known as how people interpret and explain behavior in the social world, is closely related to these two factors. People tend to attribute behavior depending on their roles as actors or observers, known as the actor-observer effect. Milgram’s study (1963) investigated the role of situation and dispositional factors in participants explaining their own behavior. Nine out of twelve participants completed the task under the researcher’s authoritative guidance. The participants considered the task unethical so they attributed their negative behavior to the researcher’s guidance instead of the dispositional factor, such as their personality. When people explain their own behavior, they tend to attribute it to situation factors such as the interference from the authority. Zimbardo et al (1973) conducted an experiment in Stanford’s prison to investigate the role of actor-observer effect. Participants were assigned with either the role of prisoners or the role of guards. In the experiment, both the guards and prisoners were very dedicated into their acting roles. Most of the prisoners obeyed the guards because the guards imposed violent behavior to the prisoners. It is found that the prisoners believed and attributed the guard’s violent behavior to the guard’s dispositional factor. When people observe other’s behavior, they usually attribute it to dispositional factor such as personality. Therefore, with the knowledge of the prison as a simulation, the prisoners still obeyed the guards like they were real guards who always acted violently. People usually attribute their behavior to situational factors when they perform the behavior. Whereas, people attribute others’ behavior to dispositional factor when they are the observers.

Bertrand Russell is one of the greatest masters of English Prose. :: essays research papers

Bertrand Russell is one of the greatest masters of English Prose. Bertrand Russell is one of the greatest masters of English Prose. He revolutionized not only the subject matter but also the mode of expression. He has in him a happy blend of greatest philosopher and a great writer. He was awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1950. The subject matter of his essays may be very difficult but his manner of expression is so lucid and simple that even a layman can understand him without any special difficulty. It is a rare privilege which only few prose masters enjoy. The precision and clarity which Russell’s prose style possesses are very rare in the bulk of English prose. Russell has justly been regarded as one of the great prose stylists of the 20th century. Although he is not a literary writer yet his work devoted mainly to problems of philosophy, ethics, morality, political, social life and economics, etc. impresses us greatly by its literary qualities. Of course, Russell's style sometimes becomes difficult for the average reader who comes across sentences which he has read for more than once in order to get the meaning. Russell’s style appeals mainly to our intellects and very little to our feelings or emotions. He uses words simply as tools, to convey his meaning plain and effective and not to produce any special effects. It is not a coloured or gorgeous style. Nor is there any passion in it. It is somewhat cold. There are no â€Å"jeweled phrases† in his writings nor sentences over which we would like to linger with the aesthetic pleasure. Russell’s style is intellectually brilliant. He can condense an idea or a thought in a few words if he so desires. Russell is always direct, simple and lucid. He knows that the complexity of expression leads to ambiguity. Nothing can be more lucid than such opening lines: â€Å"Happiness depends partly upon external circumstances and partly upon oneself.† â€Å"Of all the institutions that have come down to us from the past, none is so disorganized and derailed as the family.† Russell’s sentences clearly show Bacon’s terseness. They are replete with so deep thoughts like those of Bacon that we may elaborate them in countless pages. Many sentences are like proverbs, replete with deep meanings like: â€Å"Extreme hopes are born of extreme misery.† â€Å"One of the most powerful sources of false belief is envy.† â€Å"Pride of a race is even more harmful than national pride.

Inventory Systems Essay

To stay competitive in this technically advanced era, every organization needs to impart an apt inventory system to administer the materials traveling inside and outside their log yard. It may also assist an organization to increment the level of profits by periodically tracking the purchase, sale and the products. Let us discuss the case of organization A, a newsprint factory located in India that adopted a perpetual inventory system to track the records and leaped huge profit in the past few years. The company employed computerized inventory software to perform the valuation. Researches conducted on inventory savings through 2003 to 2007 indicated $8100, $8353, $9302 and $9724. This shows a tremendous increase in yearly profit. With a team work, we have compared the two main inventory systems popularly known as perpetual and periodic systems. The two different systems carry basic variation in executing the accounting process with organizational transactions. To build up purchase documentation, a perpetual inventory method deals with the merchandise account whereas the periodic method debits the purchase credit. While dealing with sales recording, a periodic method necessitates an additional entry so as to debit the goods selling cost and to credit the retail inventory. Both the system holds individual advantageous. However, technological level incorporated in an organization is a key factor that determines the idle inventory system. As the organization A holds the capacity to document real time transactions, a perpetual inventory method was the best option. This system helps to record the sales instantly as the account vary perpetually. The periodic method possesses combined sales information till the period winds up and is transferred to the account on a monthly or yearly basis as chosen by the company.

Themes in the Good Earth

In Pearl Bucks novel The Good Earth she gives an inside look at the Chinese culture. In the novel Wang Lung is poor farmer married to O-Lan, a loving wife who takes care of Wang Lung’s father, plus her own children. Three themes that Pearl Buck uses are survival, family structure, and the subjugation of women. One theme used to show Chinese culture is survival. For example, when Wang Lung’s family is struggling to find food, his sons steal meat, and they defend themselves by saying, â€Å"I took it – it is mine, this meat (Buck 112). When it is hard to survive it can make a person do something that they wouldn’t normally do. Survival not only changes a person, but it also changes their outlook on life. While O-Lan was giving birth to another child Wang Lung is thinking, â€Å"Male or female it mattered nothing to him now – there was only another mouth coming which must be fed (Buck 81). † Trying to survive took Wang Lung’s excitement and turned it into worry. Pearl Buck is trying to show that if people are trying to survive that they will do anything possible.Another theme used is family structure. For example, Wang Lung’s father never had to worry about going hungry, â€Å"As for the old man, he fared better than any, for if there was anything to eat he was given it, even though the children were without (Buck 78). † No matter what the circumstances are, the eldest male in the house will always be served first. Even while there was no women around Wang Lung still had to serve his father. Associated essay: Themes Developed in MaruAfter Wang Lung’s mother died he had to be the one to take care of the old man, â€Å"Every morning for these six years the old man had waited for his son to bring in hot water to ease him of his morning coughing (Buck 3). †Even though Wang Lung is a man with no woman around him, he must take care of the oldest in the house. Pearl Buck is trying to show the respect and loyalty that people in China have for family. One last theme used in the novel, is the subjugation of women.For example, when Wang Lung is thinking of selling his daughter O-Lan tells him about her past, â€Å"I was beaten with a leather thong which had been halter for one of the mules, and it hung up on the kitchen wall (Buck 135). † Women were treated as nothing more than an animal. Not only were slaves treated badly but so were the daughters. When Wang Lung is waiting to find out the sex of his baby he reacts badly when he finds that it is a girl,  "Wang Lung stood still. A sense of evil struck him. A girl! (Buck 65). Even though Wang Lung wanted children he is sickened to have a daughter. Pearl Buck is trying to show people just how far that women have come. All in all three themes that Pearl Buck uses are survival, family structure, and the subjugation of women. Some points that Pearl Buck is trying to point out are that survival changes people in drastic ways, family order always comes first, and that women are treated no better than animals. There are many more themes in this novel to show the importance of Chinese culture.

The FAO-organised World Food Conference in 1974 The WritePass Journal

The FAO-organised World Food Conference in 1974 Introduction The FAO-organised World Food Conference in 1974 IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction The acceptance of the term at the FAO-organised World Food Conference in 1974 has led to a growing literature on the subject, most of which grab ‘food security’ as an unproblematic starting point from which to address the persistence of so-called ‘food insecurity’ (Gilmore Huddleston, 1983; Maxwell, 1990; 1991; Devereux Maxwell, 2001). A common activity followed by academics specialising in food security is to debate the suitable definition of the term; a study undertaken by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) cites over 200 competing definitions (Smith et al., 1992). Simon Maxwell, who has produced work commonly referenced as foundational to food security studies (Shaw, 2005), distinguishes three paradigm shifts in its meaning: ‘from the global/national to the household/individual; from a food first perspective to a livelihood perspective; and from objective indicators to subjective perceptions’ (Maxell, 1996; Devereux Maxwell, 2001). A primary focus on food supplies as the major cause of food insecurity was given credence at the 1974 World Food Conference (McCaston et al., 1998). But the limitations of this supply focus came to light during the food crisis that plagued Africa in the mid-1980’s and the paradigm shifted to explore individual and household food security as opposed to food security from a national perspective (Argeà ±al, no date) and the household food security approach emphasized both availability and stable access to food. Research work carried out in the late 1980s and early 1990s also focused on food and nutritional security (Frankenberger, 1992). It showed that food is only one factor in the malnutrition equation, and that, in addition to dietary intake and diversity, health and disease and maternal and child care are also important determinants (UNICEF, 1990). Thus, the evolution of the concepts and issues related to household food and nutritional security led to the development of the concept of household livelihood security (McCaston et al., 1998). Until the late 1980s, most practitioners and theorists were focusing on a 2,100 calories a day standard, which was assumed to be the amount needed for any individual on a daily basis to avoid hunger.   More recently, the ethical and human rights dimension of food security has come to the fore. In 1996, the formal adoption of a new definition by World Food Summit delegates reinforces the multidimensional nature of food security; it includes food access, availability, food use and stability (FAO, 2006). This has enabled policy responses focused on the promotion and recovery of livelihood options and included the concepts of vulnerability, risk coping and risk management (FAO, 2006). In short, as the link between food security, starvation and crop failure becomes a thing of the past, the study of food insecurity as a social and political construct has emerged (Devereux et al., 2001). The Rome Declaration of 1996, primarily laid the foundations for diverse paths to a common objective of food security at all levels: ‘food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’. This widely accepted definition points to the following dimensions of food security (FAO, 1996): Food availability: The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports (including food aid). Food access: Access by individuals to adequate resources for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Utilization: Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. Stability: To be food secure, a population, household or individual must have access to adequate food at all times. The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security. Although nutrition scientists distinguish between ‘food security’ (availability of food on the global, national, local and household levels), on the one hand, and ‘nutritional security’ (satisfactory nutritional status of individuals), on the other (Oltersdorf and Weingartner, 1996), economic, social and behavioural scientists tend to consider ‘food security’ as a more comprehensive term that incorporates both concepts. In the above definitional context, the FAO (1996) stated that to achieve food security at national level, all four of its components ‒ availability, accessibility, utilization and stability ‒ must be adequate and that the opposite of food security is regarded as food insecurity. However, national food security depends on the household-level food security as a fundamental unit. Chen and Kates (1994) stated that at a household level, food security tends to be equated with the sufficiency of household entitlements that bundle of food-production resources, income available for food purchases, and gifts or assistance sufficient to meet the aggregate food requirements of all household members. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) concisely defines household food security as â€Å"the capacity of a household to procure a stable and sustain-able basket of adequate food† (IFAD, 1992). Adequacy may be defined in terms of quality and quantity of food, which contribute to a diet that meets the nutritional needs of all household members. Stability refers to the household’s ability to procure food across seasons and transitory shortages. Sustainability is the most complex of the terms, encompassing issues of resource use and management , human dignity, and self-reliance, among others (IFAD, 1992).   Thus, household food security is as integrated system of the four subsystems of production, exchange, delivery and consumption (Cannon, 1991). Theoretically, poverty, household vulnerability, and undernourishment may be distinct conditions. Yet, in practice, these conditions intersect and overlap: poor households are usually most vulnerable to transitory and chronic food insecurity, hence they are often undernourished (Maxwell and Frankenberger, 1992). But the individuals within food-insecure households cannot be assumed to suffer from hunger equally; there are differences in distribution and negotiating abilities of individuals (Argeà ±al, no date). Oshaug (1985) therefore identified three kinds of households: enduring households, which maintain household food security on a continuous basis; resilient households, which suffer shocks but recover quickly; and fragile households, which become increasingly insecure in response to shocks. Similar approaches are found elsewhere (Benson et al., 1986). During the 1990s, authors and practitioners concerned with vulnerability to food security have engaged to define vulnerability and theorize how far people had slid towards a state of food insecurity (Dilley and Boudreau, 2001). The foundation of the concept is closely associated with poverty. But it is not the same as poverty; rather underlying poverty contributes to increased vulnerability (Young et al., 2001). In addition to income, there is a multiplicity of other factors that co-determine whether an individual will go hungry. In 1981, Sen challenged the then widely held conviction that a lack of food availability was the primary explanation for famines; instead, he posited lack of access as the key to understanding who went hungry and why. Because access issues are entrenched in social, political and economic relations, Sen’s work represented a clear shift in emphasis from natural to societal causes of famine (Blaikie et al., 1994). After Sen’s (1981) entitlement ap proach, many authors (Swift, 1989; Borton and Shoham, 1991; Maxwell and Frankenberger, 1992; Ribot, 1995; Middleton and O’Keefe, 1998) sought to operationalize Sen’s ideas by using the word â€Å"vulnerability† to refer to the complex web of socio-economic determinants. In food-related contexts, the question, â€Å"vulnerable to what?† is nearly universally answered by ‘famine’, ‘hunger’ and ‘the undesirable outcomes that vulnerable populations face’ (Dilley and Boudreau, 2001). Therefore, vulnerability denotes a negative condition that limits the abilities of individuals, households, communities and regions to resist certain debilitating processes and improve their well-being (Yaro, 2004). According to Chambers, ‘vulnerability refers to exposure to contingencies and stress, and the difficulty in coping with them. Vulnerability has thus two sides: an external side of risks, shocks, and stress to which an indivi dual or household is subject: and an internal side which is defencelessness, meaning a lack of means to cope without damaging loss’. Chambers’ definition has three basic coordinates (Watts Bohle 1993):   The risk of exposure to crises, stress and shocks;   The risk of inadequate capacities to cope with stress, crises and shocks;   The risk of severe consequences of, and the attendant risks of slow or limited poverty (resiliency) from, crises, risk and shocks. According to this definition, the external shock or stress might be drought, market failure, conflict or forced migration and the internal aspect of vulnerability is to do with people’s capacity to cope with these external shocks (Young et al., 2001). As livelihoods are conjured of a combination of exchange entitlements, a massive change in a particularly important entitlement may be decisive in causing entitlement failures, leading to loss of livelihood and starvation. The impact of the external shock on livelihoods depends on the household’s vulnerability, which is a combination of the intensity of the external shock, and the household’s ability to cope (Young et al., 2001). Patterns of vulnerability have become increasingly dynamic, thereby necessitating a dynamic rather than static approach to vulnerability (Yaro, 2004). From this vantage point, the most vulnerable individuals, groups, classes and regions are those most exposed to perturbations, who possess t he most limited coping capability, who suffer the most from crisis impact and who are endowed with the most circumscribed capacity for recovery (Watts Bohle 1993). Thus, the two dimensions of vulnerability ‒ ‘sensitivity’ (the magnitude of the system’s response to an external event) and its ‘resilience’ (the ease and rapidity of the system’s recovery from stress) ‒ are crucial. The lower the resilience and the higher the sensitivity, the higher the vulnerability and vice versa (Gebrehiwot, 2001). Swift, (1989) and Davies (1996) further pointed out that most food-insecure households are characterized by a very low resilience. However, extending our understanding of the crucial links of entitlements to wider political processes, Watts Bohle (1993) argue that the mutually constituted triad of entitlements, empowerment and political economy configures vulnerability to food security (Yaro, 2004). Vulnerability will therefore be shaped by several forces that affect the three sources of provision of food and well-being of households. Watts Bohle (1993) see vulnerability as being caused by lack of entitlements, powerlessness and exploitative practices and they defined the space of vulnerability through an intersection of three causal powers: command over food (entitlement), state/civil society relations seen in political and institutional terms (enfranchisement/empowerment), and the structural-historical form of class relations within a specific political economy (surplus appropriation/crisis proneness) (Watts Bohle, 1993). In the entitlement lexicon, vulnerability can be defined as the risks associated with the threat of large-scale entitlement deprivation (Sen, 1990). These shifts are frequently posed as a function of market perturbations, with a particular emphasis on rural land, labour and commodity markets (Watts Bohle, 1993). The heart of empowerment approaches to vulnerability is politics and power. Empowerment encapsulates both freedom to make choices by people and acceptance of culpability by governments who are supposed to ensure the workings of the ‘right to food’ (Drà ¨ze et al., 1995) as part of the fundamental rights of the human personality. Vulnerability can be defined, in this view, as a political space and as a lack of rights broadly understood. Property rights ensure access to land and other assets, but political rights are also central to the process by which claims can be made over public resources as a basis for food security, and to maintain and defend entitlements (Watts Bohle, 1993). As a political space, vulnerability is inscribed in three domai ns: the domestic (patriarchal and generational politics), work (production politics) and the public sphere (state politics). Accordingly, vulnerability delimits those groups of society which collectively are denied critical rights within and between these political domains. Mead Cain (1983) identifies two fundamental realms of risk in rural Bangladesh; one is patriarchal, expressed through gender based differences in wage rates and access to and control over resources (within a specific notion of political ecology); the other is rooted in property rights, and specifically the difficulty for the rural peasantry to enforce and defend their property rights against rapacious local landlords and corrupt representatives of the state (Chen, 1991). Powerlessness can, therefore, be approached at a multiplicity of levels in entitlement and food security; intra-household rule-governed inequities over access to resources and property rights, village level stratification and processes of politic al inclusion and exclusion with respect to land or access to local credit, national level power (Harriss, 1989). On the other hand, the strength of a rigorously class-based political economy provides a class map on which historically specific processes of surplus appropriation and accumulation (Patnaik, 1991), and the corresponding configurations of crisis, conflicts and contradictions can be located. In general, these crisis tendencies arise under capitalism as a result of structural contradictions and conflicts between classes, between the relations and forces of production, and between accumulation and production conditions (Harvey 1982; OConnor 1988). Conclusion Vulnerability is here understood not solely in terms of entitlement or empowerment (though both are implicit), but rather as an expression of capacity, specifically class capacity defined by the social relations of production in which individuals and households participate (Watts Bohle, 1993). In the class perspective, famine and hunger are poverty problems but this requires an understanding not simply of assets but of the relations by which surpluses are mobilized and appropriated. Class analyses of hunger and famine are similar, in many respects, to marginalization theories and to political ecology (Blaikie 1985; Blaikie and Brooldield 1987). Vulnerability to food security is thus a structural-historical phenomenon, which is shaped by the effects of commercialization, proletarianization and marginalization (Watts Bohle, 1993). Therefore, dynamic on-going political economic processes of extraction, accumulation, social differentiation, marginalization, and physical processes all a ffect vulnerability (Yaro, 2004).

What Are Extracurricular Activities and Why Do You Need Them

What Are Extracurricular Activities and Why Do You Need Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may have heard that extracurriculars are an important part of your high school life. You've probably been bombarded with stories about how everyone who is successful in getting into college played a varsity sport and was student body president and built homes for the poor in Costa Rica. But do extracurriculars have to be so overwhelming? What are extracurricular activities, exactly? And just how important are they when it comes time to apply to college? Read on for a better understanding of this important topic. Your high school years are one of the best opportunities you will ever get to explore new activities, try different things, and see what you're passionate about. Inside the classroom and outside of it, you’ll start to get a better idea of who you are and what drives you. It may seem odd that colleges are going to be interested in how you choose to spend your free time. The reality is that, combined with your grades and test scores, extracurricular activities are one of the best ways that colleges will be able to get an idea of who you are. But what are they looking for? And are all activities equal? What Counts as an Extracurricular Activity? First, let’s talk about what an extracurricular activity looks like. The word â€Å"extracurricular† can be broken down into its roots for a literal explanation: â€Å"extra† means â€Å"outside† and â€Å"curricular† refers to all of the work you do in the classroom. So extracurricular activities are just activities that you do outside of class. The Common App says that extracurricular activities â€Å"include arts, athletics, clubs, employment, personal commitments, and other pursuits.† Almost anything that you are actively and productively involved in can be considered an extracurricular activity. We have created a list of around 200 activities that you could report on your application to help get you thinking about what you're interested in trying and what you might already have done. You may be familiar with some of the popular categories of extracurriculars already: Sports, which includes playing on a school sport team, an intramural team, or a club team outside of your school. Community Service, which includes any sort of volunteer work, either in your community, on a national scale, or abroad. Employment, including any jobs or internships. Arts, which includes visual arts, performing arts, comedy, culinary arts – this list is almost endless. Hobbies, such as blogging, a film club, hiking, Rubik’s Cube competitions, Cosplay, and more. Academic activities, such as math or science clubs or competitions, research, or writing. Keep in mind that colleges are really looking to see activitiesthat have somehow developed talents that you will use later in life, developed your leadership skills, allowed you to show involvement with your community, and allowed you to make an impact. Going to the movies every weekend with your friends doesn’t count. But starting a film club at school for fellow film aficionados definitely does count! There’s another important thing to note here. What if you didn’t have time for joining clubs or playing sports because you had to work to help support your family, or you spent your afternoons looking after your younger siblings? Admissions officers also want to hear about these kinds of activities. They understand that not all students have the luxury of pursuing traditional extracurricular activities, and they will think that the way you have spent your time is just as valuable. Try to reflect on what these experiences have taught you that will be valuable for college. For example, you probably have a lot of maturity and a good sense of responsibility for someone your age, and you're good at balancing school work with other commitments. If you’ve taken on a leadership position at work, that’s even better! Now you know what activities look like. But what do colleges think your summer job is really going to tell them about you? Why Colleges Like Students With Extracurricular Activities Colleges love to see that students are active, contributing members of their communities. Even more importantly, they love to see students who are developing their talents and passions. When a student is actively involved in the community and other activities in high school, there is a good chance that they will be doing something similar in college. Universities like to be known as hubs of activity, charity, and culture, and it’s largely the students that make them that way. But does that mean that you need to spend all your time doing something that is obviously impacting your community in a direct way, like volunteer work? Should you do something that doesn’t interest you, just because it will look good on your application? Fortunately, what college admissions officers want to see is very predictable. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. What Are Admissions Officers Looking For? Imagine you're an admissions officer at your university of choice. Every day during admissions season, you’ll go through at least a hundred applications. At the end of the day, you’re down to two applications. You need to recommend one for admission, and reject the other. Both students have high test scores (above 2100 on the SAT) and they each had a GPA of 3.8. On the activities page on the common app, Student A says that he was a member of the art club, and in the description says that the club is for students who are passionate about having a career involving art. He also volunteered once a month, teaching a one-hour art class at his old middle school. Student B is also in the art club at her school. In the description, she tells how she helped grow the club from 4 to 20 members, ran several charity projects through the club that raised over $5,000 for art programs for local youth, and arranged an informational event at a prominent art museum to help raise awareness of the importance of art in people’s lives. Which student do you think is most likely to be admitted? As it turns out, what you do is not nearly as important as why and how you are doing it. Admissions officers agree that when they're evaluating student activities, they care less about what the actual activity is and more about what it says about you. Specifically, they're looking for three things: passion, leadership, and impact. Passion Passion will manifest itself differently for different people, but college admissions officers usually notice it in the amount of time you've dedicated yourself to a certain activity over the years, and in how involved you've been in it. Are you just doing an activity so you have something to write on your college application, or are you doing it because you couldn’t not do it? This is something that matters a lot to college admissions officers who want to know that you're pursuing something because it's a passion. Try to find activities that you really care about, and that you feel makes you a more motivated, better person. Admissions officers like it when students are passionate about a certain activity because it means they are more likely to continue doing it in college, and also because these kinds of activities show who you are at your best. These activities will be the best indicators of how you act when motivated and dedicated to something. Leadership Leadership experience includes any time that you have been responsible for a project or for guiding, motivating, or instructing others. Many schools – especially the most highly selective ones – want to see students who exhibit leadership skills because they are hoping that their students will someday go on to be leaders who make differences on a larger scale in academia, business, or research. Therefore, showing that you have the desire and sense of responsibility that a leader needs can be very attractive to admissions officers. Taking a leadership role in an activity is really going to help you stand out from the crowd. Being the president of a school club will sound better than being a member of the same club. But obviously not all students can be president. So how do you solve this kind of issue? Even in you don’t have an official title, see if it’s possible to be involved as a leader in some way. Talk to the people in charge and see if you can organize an event or lead a fundraiser. Showing you have taken this kind of initiative will look much better than a title with no special activity to back it up. Impact How have you changed the activity that you have been involved in? How has the activity changed you? One of the reasons that passion is so important is because admission officers want to see that you have made a significant investment in an activity over an extended period of time. Though you’ll probably experiment with several different activities when you're younger, once you settle on the ones you're most passionate about, officers are going to be looking for how you've made a difference in the activity and how you've changed because of it. You may have heard that you should prioritizedepth over breadth, and this is why. It’s better to select a couple of activities that you can be deeply involved in than to spread yourself so thin that you can do little more than showing up to meetings. Why does impactmatter? Again, colleges are most interested in students who have the potential to be making positive differences on campus, and later, in the world. This kind of thing doesn’t come easily. It usually only happens when someone shows dedication, follow-through, and initiative. So what kind of person are you? Do you show up and expect someone else to make an activity fun? Or are you going to make sure that you leave your club, team, or research better than it was when you joined it? The Do’s and Don’ts of Extracurriculars: Key Tips Now you know what extracurricular activities are and why they are important, both for your personal development and for your college applications. Here are some tips for how you should approach extracurricular activities in high school. 1: Do try as many activities as possible during your freshman year of high school. Try out between 5 and 10 activities depending on how much room you have in your schedule (remember, never let your academics suffer because of too many activities!). There is a good chance that you will discover something new that you had never thought would interest you. Let this be your year of exploration! 2: Do narrow down your extracurricular list to 3 – 5 activities you care most about during your sophomore year. Remember the three most important things are passion, leadership, and impact. Continue to develop your interest in these activities and see if you can take on leadership roles, even if it’s just on small projects. 3: Do focus more on leadership and impact during your junior and senior years. If you have been a part of a club, how can you change it for the better? Also spend time reflecting on how you've changed over the past years, and how your activities have helped you grow as a person. 4: Do let your activities tell your story. Are you very passionate and talented in one area? Or do you show different skills and aspects of your personality through a variety of different activities? Either one is a story that a college admissions officer will be interested in hearing. Also think about how your activities have shown your growth over the years, from experimenting with an activity, to dedicating yourself to it and developing passion, and finally taking on a leadership position and making an impact. 5: Don’t slack during summers. If you have the luxury of doing activities during your summer vacation instead of working, make the most of that time. Try to think of innovative ways to pursue your passion that you can’t necessarily do when tied down with school work. 6: Don’t let your grades suffer. Though extracurriculars are an important part of a college application, they will almost never cancel out bad grades and test scores. If you find that your grades are suffering, cut back on the time you spend on your activities, and make sure that the time you do invest in your activities is well spent making the most impact in the least amount of time. 7: Don't get burned out. It's a good idea to limit your activities a couple you are most passionate about, and a few others that are fun but not stressful. If you try to do everything, you will inevitably get burned out, which could ruin your grades, social life, and excitement about going to college. What’s Next? Do you need some inspiration? Check out our long list of extracurricular activities to see if there’s anything that interests you. Are you wondering if you should try traditional extracurriculars, or if you would be better off getting a job? Check out the pros and cons. If you have a great list of extracurriculars and are ready to fill out college applications, check out our guide for talking about extracurriculars on the Common App. Want to know what else is important on the college application? Check out our guide to making a well-rounded college application that will get you into as many schools as possible. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Roman and Mongol Conquests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roman and Mongol Conquests - Essay Example The leaders crafted policies that ensured continued survival and expansion through ruthless crusades and strategic treaties. It may also have been their dogged determination and ability to rise from the ashes of defeat on to victory as was the case for Rome (Livy, 1905). Monarchies and ruling hierarchies were established along either blood or loyalty lines depending on which strategy served best. At times, it included both cases, for instance, in the case of Genghis Khan. In each case, the subjugation of conquered territories through force, surrender or the brokering of peace treaties fortified the might of the Empire and gave strength and momentum for expansion. During their various conquests and expansion under various rulers, initial wars were fought with neighboring nations or tribes. Campaigns were sent out in all directions to conquer new lands for the Empire. The rise of the Mongol Empire began at a time when the usually dry and cold steppes of Central Asia got their most favorable conditions for over a hundred years. Thus, the rapid growth in numbers of battle horses, other livestock and food supplies (Burgan, 2005). The growth may have enhanced the military ability of the Mongols. The strategic placement of Rome gave it unrivaled dominance of the Mediterranean Sea and allowed it to encompass peripheral lands was its greatest advantage (Livy, 1905). Won wars always led to subjugation of conquered peoples. While Rome imposed measures such as payment of taxes and tributes to Rome, Mongols approached matters from a platform of unification by making conditions more favorable for the People. Genghis Khan united rival tribes by banning fighting among Mongols, successfully ending civil strife. He also forbade trading of women, pilfering of other’s property and desiccation of animal populations during the breeding season. According to Burgan, He shared his bounty among all crusaders and their